Micromass cultures are effective for differentiation of human amniotic fluid stem cells into chondrocytes

OBJECTIVES: Articular cartilage is vulnerable to injuries and undergoes an irreversible degenerative process. The use of amniotic fluid mesenchymal stromal stem cells for the reconstruction of articular cartilage is a promising therapeutic alternative. The aim of this study was to investigate the chondrogenic potential of amniotic fluid mesenchymal stromal stem cells from human amniotic fluid from second trimester pregnant women in a micromass system (high-density cell culture) with TGF-β3 for 21 days. METHODS: Micromass was performed using amniotic fluid mesenchymal stromal stem cells previously cultured in a monolayer. Chondrocytes from adult human normal cartilage were used as controls. After 21 days, chondrogenic potential was determined by measuring the expression of genes, such as SOX-9, type II collagen and aggrecan, in newly differentiated cells by real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The production of type II collagen protein was observed by western blotting. Immunohistochemistry analysis was also performed to detect collagen type II and aggrecan. This study was approved by the local ethics committee. RESULTS: SOX-9, aggrecan and type II collagen were expressed in newly differentiated chondrocytes. The expression of SOX-9 was significantly higher in newly differentiated chondrocytes than in adult cartilage. Collagen type II protein was also detected. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that stem cells from human amniotic fluid are a suitable source for chondrogenesis when cultured in a micromass system. amniotic fluid mesenchymal stromal stem cells are an extremely viable source for clinical applications, and our results suggest the possibility of using human amniotic fluid as a source of mesenchymal stem cells.

Avaliação molecular e fenotípica da superexpressão e do silenciamento de MEF2C em miócitos cardíacos / Phenotypic and molecular evaluation of overexpression and silencing of MEF2C in cardiac myocytes

Os fatores MEF2 (Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2) pertencem à família MADS Box (MCM1-Agamous-Deficiens-Serum response factor) e foram descritos pela primeira vez como fatores de transcrição que se ligam a sequencias de DNA ricas em A/T nos promotores de vários genes músculo específicos. Existem 4 genes da família MEF2 que foram identificados em vertebrados: MEF2A, B, C e D que são expressos de forma distinta durante a embriogênese e nos tecidos adultos. Estudos anteriores do nosso laboratório demonstraram que o fator de transcrição MEF2 é ativado por estiramento mecânico e influencia a expressão de genes relacionados à hipertrofia cardíaca. Utilizando a tecnologia de siRNA para MEF2C (siRNAMEF2C) demonstramos a atenuação da hipertrofia cardíaca induzida por coarctação da aorta nos animais que receberam o siRNAMEF2C. Por outro lado trabalhos demonstraram que animais transgênicos com a superexpressão de MEF2A ou de MEF2C e submetidos à sobrecarga de pressão por coarctação da aorta, não apresentam hipertrofia cardíaca compensatória. Nesses animais a superexpressão de MEF2A ou de MEF2C no coração está associada à deterioração cardíaca funcional e estrutural e o desenvolvimento de cardiomiopatia dilatada. Contudo, a caracterização fenotípica e os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na superexpressão de MEF2C em miócitos cardíacos ainda são desconhecidos. Da mesma forma não é conhecido o papel do fator de transcrição MEF2C na resposta hipertrófica do miócito cardíaco após coarctação da aorta. No presente trabalho foi demonstrado que a superexpressão de MEF2C em miócitos cardíacos de ratos neonatos (NRMV), com o uso de partículas adenovirais, induziu a desdiferenciação celular e a ativação de mecanismos envolvidos na progressão do ciclo celular. Esses resultados foram obtidos por meio de experimentos de microarranjo de DNA, proteoma, PCR em tempo real e western blotting...

The factors MEF2 (myocyte enhancer factor 2) belong to the family MADS box (MCM1-Agamous-deficiens-Serum response factor) and were first described as transcription factors that bind DNA sequences rich in A / T in the promoters of multiple muscle-specific genes. There are four MEF2 family genes that were identified in vertebrates MEF2A, B, C and D are expressed differently during embryogenesis and in adult tissues. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that the transcription factor MEF2 is activated by mechanical stretch and influences the expression of genes related to cardiac hypertrophy. Using siRNA technology to MEF2C (siRNAMEF2C) demonstrated attenuation of cardiac hypertrophy induced by aortic coarctation in animals that received siRNAMEF2C. On the other hand studies have demonstrated that transgenic mice with overexpression of MEF2A or MEF2C and subjected to pressure overload by aortic coarctation show no compensatory cardiac hypertrophy. In these animals the overexpression of MEF2A or MEF2C in the heart is associated with structural and functional cardiac deterioration and development of dilated cardiomyopathy. However, the phenotypic and molecular mechanisms involved in the overexpression of MEF2C in cardiac myocytes are still unknown. Likewise, there is known the role of the transcription factor MEF2C in cardiac myocyte hypertrophic response after aortic coarctation. In the present study it was shown that overexpression of MEF2C in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (NRMV) with the use of adenoviral particles, and cellular dedifferentiation induced activation mechanisms involved in cell cycle progression. These results were obtained by DNA microarray experiments, proteomics, real time PCR and western blotting...